The Guardian Top News｜报告称，在西岸地区“加沙化”的过程中，儿童死亡人数激增

Fidaa Basharat holds a picture of her son Reda, eight, who was killed in an Israeli airstrike on 8 January together with two cousins. Photograph: Quique Kierszenbaum/The Guardian

I srael has brought the military tactics of its war in Gaza to the occupied West Bank , where Palestinians face mass forced displacements, a surge in airstrikes and a sharp rise in attacks on children and other civilians, a Palestinian-Israeli rights group has said.

Btselem has detailed the impact of Israels most intense operations in the area for at least two decades in a report that describes what it calls the Gazafication of Israels occupation there.

Israeli airstrikes in the West Bank since 7 October 2023, the beginning of the Gaza war triggered by Hamass attack on southern Israel , have killed more Palestinians than during the violence of the second intifada of the 2000s, with children killed at a rate unprecedented during the territorys occupation, according to data collected by Btselem over more than two decades.

Military operations launched in three West Bank refugee camps in January also forced 40,000 people from their homes , the largest displacement since Israels occupation began in 1967. Israels defence minister, Israel Katz, said troops would remain for the coming year, meaning residents would not be allowed back in that time.

Israel says its operations target militant Palestinian groups. The refugee camps are historically home to fighters who consider themselves armed resistance.

Israels complete disregard for international law in the war in Gaza is now being replicated to the West Bank, said BTselems executive director, Yuli Novak. Its activity there, as yet on a smaller scale than in Gaza, is already causing indiscriminate and disproportionate killing and destruction.

The parents of a boy shot when he went to buy bread and the uncle of two children, aged five and eight, who were killed in an airstrike are among relatives of six child victims who told the Guardian about how attacks documented by Btselem have shattered their lives.

Rigd Gasser, father of 14-year-old Ahmad Rashid Jazar, said his son was hit in the chest by a single bullet on 19 January while leaving a shop in his home village of Sebastia, where he had been on an errand to get bread.

Palestinians stand by a damaged road in the Tulkarm refugee camp as residents evacuate their homes amid an Israeli military operation on 9 March. Photograph: Alaa Badarneh/EPA

Gasser was in a cafe when he heard the gunshots and rushed out when he heard calls for help. I got closer and recognised my son. I knew him by his clothes, his body was all covered in blood, he said. Since the beginning of the war, they [Israeli forces] have been coming here every day. They launch raids in the morning and evening.

Israel sent a surge of troops, including tanks, to the West Bank after the Gaza ceasefire began in January . Military operations in the three refugee camps C Jenin, Tulkarm and Nur Shams C came on top of what had been Israels deadliest bombing campaign in the occupied territory. In the 17 months since 7 October 2023, Btselem documented64 airstrikes that killed 261 Palestinians, including both militant and civilian casualties and at least 41 minors.

That is more than three times the total toll from airstrikes during the second intifada, which lasted more than four years, when Btselem recorded 78 deaths including 10 children between 2000 and the end of 2004.

The groups report described the increased use of airstrikes as part of a broader conceptual and operational shift in Israeli military tactics that put civilians at greater risk. The Israeli military did not immediately respond to questions.

Muhammad Khreiwishs niece and nephew were among the youngest victims. Sham Abu Zahara, eight, and Karam Abu Zahara, five, were killed with both their parents and another uncle on 3 October 2024, when an airstrike targeted a cafe in Tulkarm.

The cafe was on the ground floor of an apartment building, and the Abu Zahara family lived next door. Khreiwish was arriving to visit his sister Saja when an explosion threw him off his bike. As people raced away from the site, he ran in to look for the family.

Inside he was met by a horrific scene. I found pieces of bodies that I couldnt recognise, and then I saw my niece, he said. He called for help but she had been killed immediately. All he could do was wrap her shattered body and take it to the hospital morgue.

The strike killed 18 people and at least six of them, or a third of the total, were civilians, Btselem investigators found.

The Abu Zahara siblings were two of 180 children killed by Israeli forces over the 17 months since the Gaza war began, the deadliest period in the West Bank of Israels nearly 60-year-long occupation according to Btselem.

Until 2023 the most dangerous time for Palestinian children in the West Bank was the second intifada, when Btselem documented 246 children killed in 63 months C a rate of killing half current levels from all Israeli operations.

Btselem said looser rules of engagement were one reason for the rise in child deaths. The Israeli military has expanded its open fire rules, with soldiers now allowed to shoot to kill targets including anyone they suspect is messing with the ground, Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported .

The cousins Reda Basharat, eight, and Hamza Basharat, 10, were killed near home by a drone strike on 8 January. The children could not go school that morning because Israeli forces had launched a raid near their village, Tammun, and so roads were closed, Hamzas mother, Eman Basharat, said.

Eman Basharat holds a picture of her son Hamza, 10, who was killed in an Israeli airstrike on 8 January. Photograph: Quique Kierszenbaum/The Guardian

Hamza, born after a years-long IVF struggle, was a cheerful child who normally loved studying and was angry about missing an English test scheduled for that day.

The boys were sitting outside with their 23-year-old cousin Adam, who was drinking a morning coffee when they were targeted. Eman raced out to look for her son as soon as she heard the explosion. She found Hamza injured and struggling to breathe. I held his body. I cleaned the blood from his face and I recited the Shahada [the Muslim profession of faith]. He died in my arms, he didnt look like he was in pain.

Israeli soldiers arrived soon after and took away all three bodies for several hours, before returning the children to their grieving families without explanation.

When I think about what happened to my son and remember the images of their bodies, and I see what is happening in Gaza on TV, I felt suddenly that they are doing the same thing, Eman Basharat said.

It is a comparison that has also been made by Israeli officials. The West Bank campaign was a based on a lesson from the activity that took place in Gaza and other places, Katz told the Knesset, Israels parliament. We need to clean up a place and not allow terrorism to return to it.

Israels finance minister, Bezalel Smotrich, has said Palestinians in the West Bank should know that if they continue with terrorism their fate will be like Gaza. He said the Tulkarm and Jenin [refugee camps] will look like Jabaliya and Shujayah [in Gaza].

An Israel Defense Forces spokesperson has previously denied that soldiers forced Palestinians from their homes, saying camp residents who chose to leave to escape fighting were allowed to do so.

Dozens of homes have already demolished. Similarities with larger-scale displacement and destruction in Gaza were clear to Palestinian families crowded into mosques, wedding halls and the homes of relatives where they had sought refuge.

The Guardian spoke to three families who said they were ordered to leave their homes either directly by Israeli forces or through messages broadcast on loudspeakers.

Fatma Shab, 63, is living in the womens area of wedding hall, separated from her severely ill husband, Yusuf Shab, 68. Permanently connected to oxygen, he cannot walk and had to be evacuated by ambulance.

Fatma Shab in the wedding hall where she is living after being displaced. Photograph: Quique Kierszenbaum/The Guardian

As Israeli forces advanced the Shabs fled from their home in Nur Shams refugee camp to the house of their son, which has since been demolished. Soldiers broke into the building and told them to leave immediately, with no time to pack.

So they moved again to a nearby Kafr al-Labad town where they have found temporary, basic shelter in al-Diah wedding hall. They only have two bathrooms for 14 people, and just drapes separating crowded sleeping areas.

Even so, the families sheltering there are terrified they will have to leave after Ramadan, as it will be needed again for weddings once the holy month is finished.

Yusef Shab, 68, is connected to oxygen 24 hours a day and cannot walk. Photograph: Quique Kierszenbaum/The Guardian

People here are kind, but in my home I am more comfortable, Fatma Shab said. Even just being able to go to my closet to choose some clothes to wear. Now Im just wearing what I have on, there are no choices.

She said she did not know if she would see the house she built with her husband for their retirement again. Its just a short distance away, but I cant go home. In Gaza they were forced out and killed, and here now its the same.

以色列将加沙战争的军事战术带到了被占领的西岸地区，巴勒斯坦人面临着大规模的强制迁离、空袭的激增以及针对儿童和其他平民的袭击大幅增加，一个巴以人权组织这样说道。

巴勒斯坦被占领土信息中心（B'tselem）在一份报告中详细描述了以色列在至少二十年里在该地区进行的最为激烈的行动，并称其为“以色列占领的加沙化”。

自2023年10月7日哈马斯袭击以色列南部引发加沙战争以来，以色列在西岸的空袭已造成比2000年代第二次起义期间更多的巴勒斯坦人死亡，其中儿童在领土被占领期间被杀的数目前所未有，这些数据是根据巴勒斯坦人权组织B'tselem在过去二十多年间收集的资料得出的。

1月，在西岸三个难民营开展的军事行动迫使4万人流离失所，这是自1967年以色列占领以来最大规模的流离失所。以色列国防部长以色列·卡茨（Israel Katz）表示，军队将在“接下来的一年”内继续驻扎，这意味着在此期间居民将无法返回。

以色列表示，其行动目标是针对巴勒斯坦的武装组织。难民营是历史上那些将自己视为武装抵抗力量的战士的家园。

以色列在加沙战争中对国际法的完全忽视现在正在西岸被复制，B'Tselem的执行主任尤利·诺瓦克（Yuli Novak）表示。目前，其在西岸的活动规模还小于加沙，但已导致不分青红皂白和不成比例的杀戮和破坏。

一名去购买面包时被枪击的男孩的父母和两名五岁和八岁的在空袭中丧生的孩子的叔叔，都是六名受害儿童亲属中的一员，他们向《卫报》讲述了B'Tselem记录的袭击如何摧毁了他们的生活。

14岁的艾哈迈德·拉希德·贾扎尔（Ahmad Rashid Jazar）的父亲里格德·加瑟（Rigd Gasser）表示，1月19日，他的儿子在离开位于塞巴斯提亚（Sebastia）的家中商店时，胸部被一枚子弹击中，当时他正外出购买面包。

加塞尔在一家咖啡店内，当他听到枪声时便冲了出去，因为他听到了求救声。他说：“我靠近了，认出了我的儿子。我通过他的衣服认出了他，他的身体上全是血。”他继续说道，“自从战争开始以来，以色列军队每天都来这里。他们早上和晚上都会发动袭击。”

自加沙停火在1月开始以来，以色列向约旦河西岸增派了包括坦克在内的部队。在杰宁、图勒凯尔姆和努尔沙姆斯这3个难民营进行的军事行动，是继以色列在被占领土上开展的最致命空袭行动之后进行的。自2023年10月7日以来的17个月里，巴勒斯坦人权利运动组织（B’tselem）记录了64次空袭，导致261名巴勒斯坦人死亡，其中包括武装分子和平民伤亡，以及至少41名未成年人。

这比持续了四年多的第二轮起义期间空袭造成的死亡人数多出三倍以上，贝特赛勒姆在2000年至2004年末记录了78人死亡，其中10名是儿童。

该小组的报告描述了以色列军事战术中“更广泛的概念和操作转变”的一部分，即增加了空袭的使用，这使平民面临更大的风险。以色列军方没有立即回应相关问题。

穆罕默德·克里维什（Muhammad Khreiwish）的侄子和侄女是其中最年轻的受害者。2024年10月3日，当空袭袭击了图勒凯尔姆（Tulkarm）的一家咖啡馆时，八岁的沙姆·阿布·扎哈拉（Sham Abu Zahara）和五岁的卡拉姆·阿布·扎哈拉（Karam Abu Zahara）与他们的父母和另一位叔叔一同遇难。

这家咖啡馆位于一栋公寓的底层，Abu Zahara 家族就住在隔壁。Khreiwish 正在去探望他的姐姐 Saja 时，一声爆炸将他从自行车上震落。当人们纷纷逃离现场时，他冲进去寻找那家人的下落。

他进入现场时，眼前的景象令人恐惧不已。他说道：“我发现了无法辨认的尸体残骸，然后我看到了我的侄女。”他呼救，但她已经被立即杀害。他所能做的就是将侄女支离破碎的尸体包好，送往医院的太平间。

巴勒斯坦被占领土观察团（B'Tselem）调查发现，这次袭击导致18人死亡，其中至少6人，占三分之一，为平民。

据巴勒斯坦人权组织B'tselem的统计，自加沙战争开始以来的17个月内，以色列军队杀害了包括Abu Zahara兄弟姐妹在内的180名儿童，这是以色列近60年占领西岸期间最致命的时期。

直到2023年，巴勒斯坦儿童在约旦河西岸最危险的时候是第二次起义，当时B�tselem记录了63个月内246名儿童被杀的记录——这一被杀率是当前以色列所有行动导致被杀率的一半。

巴勒斯坦被占领土观察组织（B'tselem）表示，交战规则的放宽是儿童死亡人数增加的一个原因。以色列军方扩大了其“开枪”规则，允许士兵射击以杀死任何他们怀疑在“破坏地面”的任何人，以色列报纸《Haaretz》报道称。

堂兄弟Reda Basharat（8岁）和Hamza Basharat（10岁）于1月8日在他们家附近被无人机袭击致死。Hamza的母亲Eman Basharat表示，那天早上孩子们无法上学，因为以色列军队在他们村庄Tammun附近发起了突袭，导致道路封闭。

Hamza，在经历了多年试管婴儿（IVF）治疗后出生，是一个爱学习、性格乐观的孩子，那天因为错过了一场英语考试而感到生气。

男孩子们坐在外面，他们23岁的堂兄亚当也在那里喝着早晨的咖啡，突然他们被袭击了。当听到爆炸声时，埃曼立刻跑出去找她的儿子。她发现哈姆扎受伤了，正挣扎着呼吸。“我抱着他的身体，我帮他擦去脸上的血迹，并念诵了‘沙哈达’（穆斯林的信仰宣言）。他在我怀里死去，看起来并不痛苦。”

以色列士兵很快抵达现场，将三名儿童遗体带走数小时后，未作任何解释便将孩子归还给悲痛欲绝的家人。

Eman Basharat表示，当我回想起我儿子所发生的事情，并回忆起他们身体的画面，以及我在电视上看到加沙正在发生的事情时，我突然感觉他们正在做同样的事情。

以色列官员也进行了这样的比较。卡茨在以色列议会（Knesset）上表示，西岸的行动是“根据加沙和其他地方发生活动所吸取的教训”制定的。“我们需要清理一个地方，不让恐怖主义再次回来。”

以色列财政部长贝扎尔·斯莫特里奇（Bezalel Smotrich）表示，西岸的巴勒斯坦人应该明白，“如果他们继续进行恐怖主义活动，他们的命运将和加沙一样。”他表示，“图尔卡姆（Tulkarm）和杰宁（Jenin）的[难民营]将像加沙的贾巴利亚（Jabaliya）和舒贾耶（Shujayah）一样。”

以色列国防军发言人曾否认士兵强迫巴勒斯坦人离开他们的家园，并称那些选择离开营地以逃避战斗的居民是“被允许”这样做的。

数十个家庭已经被拆除。加沙大规模流离失所和破坏的相似性在寻求庇护的巴勒斯坦家庭中很明显，他们挤在清真寺、婚礼厅和亲戚的家中。

《卫报》采访了三个家庭，他们说他们被以色列军队直接命令或通过扩音器广播的消息要求离开家园。

63岁的Fatma Shab目前住在婚礼厅的女宾区，与她那患重病的丈夫Yusuf Shab（68岁）分隔开来。由于他需要永久连接氧气，无法行走，只能通过救护车撤离。

以色列军队推进时，Shabs一家从努尔沙姆难民营的家中逃到儿子家，而那所房子自那时起已被拆除。士兵闯入那所房子，要求他们立即离开，没有时间收拾东西。

他们再次迁移到邻近的Kafr al-Labad镇，在那里他们在al-Diah婚礼厅找到了临时的基本避难所。他们只有两个卫生间供14人使用，并且仅用窗帘分隔拥挤的睡眠区域。

尽管如此，那些在那处避难的家庭还是担心在斋月结束后，他们必须在开斋节后离开，因为那时它又要用于婚礼了。

Fatma Shab说：“这里的人都很友善，但我在家里更自在。甚至只是能够去我的衣橱里挑选一些衣服穿。现在我只穿着我有的衣服，没有选择。”

她表示自己不确定是否还能再见到她和丈夫为退休生活而建的房子。"它（指房子）离这里只有很短的距离，但我无法回家。在加沙，他们被赶出去并被杀害，现在这里也是同样的情况。"